The Story of Vance Avenue Alma

By Dennis Wolf

This is a narrative about a woman named Alma Cox Whitworth Calvert Cox McClavy Theede Gill Massey Theede, née Herring (see Figure 1 and Appendix 1).  She was born Alma W. Herring to William Alexander and Nettie Green Herring on December 10, 1895 in Memphis.  However, Social Security records list her date of birth as December 10, 1894[i] in Carrolton County, Mississippi.  Memphis is the most likely place of her birth, and she lived most of her life in Memphis.  Early in her life, her father was no longer in the picture.  Her mother worked at the American Snuff Company, but as a single mother with a low paying job, it was hard for a family of four people to make ends meet.

Figure 1 – Alma W. Herring, Undated Photo

Described as “pretty and pert,” at age 16 she frequented the bars, bordellos, and gambling halls along Vance Avenue near Main Street, where she became known as “Vance Avenue Alma.”  In additional to her streetwalking, she had other scrapes with the law.  In June 1913, for example, she was charged with larceny for stealing a diamond ring belonging to Mrs. Walter Chandler.  Alma admitted taking the ring,[ii] but the grand jury chose to not indict her.[iii]

 

It was reported that the usual wage for a streetwalker was $1 ($33 in 2025 dollars), and sometimes $2 per client.  She gave what she earned to her mother.[iv]  At age 17, she married a gambler, Charles Halprin Cox.  Her eye eventually wandered, and she soon divorced Cox and eloped to Little Rock, Arkansas, with Roy Calvert, a 24-year-old railroad worker.  The marriage was apparently not what she hoped it would be, and in 1919, the “petite, raven-haired beauty,” as she was described in the press, was charged with killing Calvert.  She shot him around 11:05 p.m. on Sunday night, August 31, while he was sleeping at their home at 1303 Lincoln in Little Rock.  While in jail, she staged a 45-hour hunger strike, refusing to eat or drink, and had frequent fainting spells.[v]

 

At the grand jury hearing, she claimed self-defense because of a long history of abuse from her husband.  Neighbors and others who knew the couple confirmed a story of continual “brutal treatment”[vi] by Roy Calvert against his wife, including choking her in front of witnesses.  She stated that he refused to let her see her own baby.  She stated that she slipped away at Christmas to see her baby, and when she came back, he was waiting for her at the Grand Central Station in Memphis.  She stated that he kicked her in the side and tore her clothes after that trip.[vii]  Roy Calvert had recently purchased a bottle of chloroform, and Alma stated she was in fear for her life.

 

Alma said she bought the .32-caliber gun she used to kill him from a store in Argenta for $22.50.  She said that her husband had given her $15 to help her buy the gun, but did not know that she had bought it, and she hid it in the kitchen.  After he went to sleep, she said she walked out the front door and fired one shot at him through the window.  She then threw the gun away, went next door, and told the neighbor to call the police.  Alma stated that, “I killed him on account of my baby.”[viii]

 

After having the evidence presented, the Pulaski County Grand Jury refused to indict her, which was in effect a finding of “justifiable homicide.”  She was released from jail on Wednesday, September 10, 1919, a free woman.”[ix]

 

Alma left Little Rock, returned to Memphis, and resumed walking along Vance Avenue.  Halprin Cox was on Vance looking for company, found Alma again, and they remarried (Figure 2).  While on his way to St. Louis with another woman,[x] Cox died in an automobile accident in Arkansas, and Alma was not with him at the time of the accident, nor involved in the accident.  After Cox died, Alma went back to work on Vance Avenue, but this time she became a “housegirl.”  Eventually, her drinking, gambling, and the stress of her job took their toll, and her looks deteriorated.  Calling her “crow bait,” the madam of the house told her she needed to move on, so she went to a “second rate bawdy house.”[xi]

 

Figure 2 – Charles Halprin Cox – Alma Calvert Marriage License

 

It was at this place of business where she met Michael (One-Eyed Mike) McClavy.  Michael and Alma married in 1926.  She was 31 and he was 54.  He was a well-to-do road contractor, and they moved into his house at 354 Avery Street.  Ever the gentleman, McClavy invited Alma’s mother to live with them.  To help make ends meet, Alma suggested that they take in a boarder, and they did.

 

That boarder turned out to be Charles E. Miller.  Alma’s wandering eye landed on Miller, and in 1927, she conspired with Miller to murder her husband.  Mike McClavy was shot three times in the front room of their home about 6:00 p.m. on Tuesday, December 20, 1927, by Miller.  Alma seemed devastated, screaming, “Oh, who could have shot my poor husband!”  When questioned, she said she was in another room and had no idea who did it.[xii]  The police, though, knowing Alma’s past, were doubtful of her story.

 

The police found evidence that there had been a struggle in the room.  Alma had arranged for Miller to get into an altercation with McClavy so he could kill him.  Miller fled the scene and was later captured by the police.  It was brought out at the trial that Alma hid Miller for several days while the police were searching for him.[xiii]

 

Even though reporters described the trial as “one of the most salacious” ever tried,[xiv] Alma testified that she loved her husband.  She loudly testified that “He found me in a house of shame.  He knew what I was, but he loved me enough to marry me and give me his name.  He made a lady of me.  That’s why I couldn’t have helped to kill McClavy.”[xv]  However, the prosecution found witnesses who testified to Alma’s affair.  In his closing remarks, state prosecuting attorney Tyler McClain called Alma “Memphis’ meanest woman, unfit for the companionship of mongrel dogs.”  He told the jury she “plotted her husband’s murder, supplied the pistol, and repaid with death the kindly man who took her out of a bawdy house and gave her a decent home.”[xvi]

 

The jury deliberated for less than an hour before reaching a verdict.  Charles Miller was found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to 10 to 15 years in the state penitentiary.  Alma McClavy was found guilty of being an accessory before the fact and sentenced to 10 years in the state penitentiary (Figure 3).

 

Figure 3 – The Tennessee State Penitentiary at Nashville

 

In 1929, an investigation revealed that Alma had been trafficking babies in an effort to blackmail families.  This was before Mike McClavy was murdered.  It was discovered that Alma had “cared” for three children over the past few years while claiming them as her own.  She would take in the baby of an unwed mother, making sure that the baby’s family had some money.  She would place the baby in “an orphanage, or other handy place, for a short period of time before converting them into an unknowing but perfect means of blackmail.”[xvii]  I could find no evidence that Alma was charged or prosecuted for her blackmail scheme.

 

While in prison, she met William L. Theede, a convicted murderer, who also worked in the prison factory.  On April 7, 1921, while robbing a store at 1317 Latham at Richmond Avenue, Theede unintentionally shot and killed Jack Atkins, a 15-year-old boy.[xviii]  Theede was sentenced to 21 years, but on August 12, 1931, Governor Henry Horton reduced his sentence to 10 years, making him eligible for parole.[xix]

 

William was paroled in August 1931, and Alma was paroled in October 1931.  William and Alma lived together for a time after they were released from prison.  Two different dates and places for their marriage were found.  A newspaper article in the July 3, 1949 edition of The Post-Standard reported that William and Alma, with the permission of the state, married in Hernando, Mississippi, in 1933.[xx]  This date has also been quoted by other sources, but I found no record of this marriage.  The Press-Scimitar reported that they were married on October 8, 1938 in Lincoln County, Tennessee (Figure 4), and that they separated in 1944.[xxi]

 

Figure 4 – Theede and Cox Marriage License, Lincoln County, Tennessee

 

Following her parole, Alma McClavy was living in a boarding house at 105 Vance (Figure 5).  In March 1932, she and William Theede were arrested after her landlady, Mrs. Georgia Calhoun, accused them of stealing 25 pieces of silverware and a bedspread.  Alma was expected to be charged with violation of parole.[xxii]  In an unusual disposition of her case, she was not sent back to prison, but was banished from the State of Tennessee.  Upon the recommendation of Attorney General McLain, she received a conditional pardon that as long as she stayed out of Tennessee, she would not be prosecuted on the larceny charge.  If she returned to the state, the larceny case could be revived.  She was making plans to live with relatives in Wynne, Arkansas.  Theede received a similar deal and was expected to live with relatives in Birmingham.[xxiii]  However, when they left Memphis, Alma announced that they were leaving on their honeymoon.[xxiv]

 

Figure 5 – The Location of the Boarding House at 105 Vance Avenue

 

In June 1933, Charles E. Miller, the man who killed Alma’s husband Mike McClavy, was given a conditional pardon from the state penitentiary that required him to stay out of Shelby County and obey all laws.  He had been sentenced to 10 to 15 years in the state penitentiary.[xxv]  With his parole, both of McClavy’s murderers were free.

 

In 1936, the estate of William T. Whitworth and Ruby Collins Whitworth was settled in chancery court.  The couple had been beaten to death in their duplex on December 12, 1932.  Evidence presented at the hearing revealed that William Whitworth had married Alma Herring on July 6, 1913,[xxvi] but they lived together for only a few months.  This may have been Alma’s second marriage, though it is not mentioned in newspaper articles.[xxvii]

 

It must have been very hard for Alma to walk the straight and narrow path.  On August 22, 1945, she had been observed leading a cow down the highway to her home.  The cow had been staked out at Third and Parkway, some 4.3 miles from her home at 3099 Ford Road.  The case went to a jury trial on February 7, 1946.  At trial, Alma claimed that she tied the cow up after it had damaged $78 worth of apple trees.  She claimed that she tried, without success, to advertise the cow in the lost and found column.  When asked, she admitted that she did not report finding the cow to the authorities. The jury deliberated for two hours and found her guilty.  Judge Kinkle sentenced her to 60 days at the Penal Farm, and found Mrs. Theede infamous (an infamous crime is a serious crime where the guilty person can lose certain rights).  After being declared infamous, Alma asked the judge, “Do you mean, Judge, that I can’t vote the Democratic ticket?”  The judge said yes, and she replied, “Well, I sure do hate that.”[xxviii]

 

William and Alma separated in October 1944 and divorced in 1946, but there was one more chapter yet to be written for their relationship.  Housekeeping was apparently not one of Alma’s skills, but collecting animals was.  In the divorce petition, her husband referred to his home as “a pig pen” and a “kennel.”  He said his wife had “two dogs, one cat, and four parrots” and that they had the run of the house and were not housebroken.[xxix]  They also raised chickens and pigs, who sometimes came into the house.  Alma apparently loved animals, as she was constantly placing lost and found notices for dogs, parakeets, and parrots in the local papers.

 

In 1946, Alma married Edward Clay Gill.  With money saved by Alma’s mother, they bought seven acres that had a three-room house on it, and they moved in.  It is reported that they were raising chickens and pigs.  It is unknown if Alma had other jobs, but in 1948, Alma Theede placed a “situation wanted, female” notice in the Commercial Appeal seeking employment.  She listed her experience as a PBX operator with 15 years’ experience, and a café manager with 10 years’ experience.  She listed her address as 3099 Ford Road.[xxx]

 

On Sunday, January 2, 1949, around 2:00 a.m., in the fog and drizzling rain, 65-year-old Edward Clay Gill, Alma’s sixth husband, was found shot to death on Peebles Road.  He had been shot in the back of the head with a .38-caliber gun.  He was deaf and worked as a rip-sawyer for Wabash Screen Door Company.  Sheriff’s deputies picked Alma Gill up for questioning.  Alma’s mother, Mrs. W. M. Herring, alibied Alma, saying “she was in bed asleep at the time.”[xxxi]  On January 18, 1949, the Shelby County Grand Jury returned an indictment of carrying a pistol and an indictment for first degree murder against her.[xxxii]  She appeared before Judge Kinkle, the same judge who sentenced her for stealing the cow, on January 19, and was arraigned on these charges.  Figure 6 shows their home at 3099 Ford Road, which was outside of the Memphis city limits.[xxxiii]

 

Figure 6 – The Gill Home at 3099 Ford Road at Dixie Road

 

On March 3, 1949, Alma pled guilty to a reduced charge of second degree (unplanned) murder.  She claimed that she shot her husband as they were “scufflin’ over the gun, Ed slipped.  The pistol went off, and Ed slumped to the ground.”[xxxiv]  Evidence showed that this was unlikely.  When he was found, Mr. Gill had one hand in his overcoat pocket and the other by his side.  He clothing was in an “unmussed up” condition.  He was shot in the back of the head.  The wound showed no signs of powder burns, meaning the pistol was not close to his head when fired.  Afterwards, Alma went home, cleaned the gun, and buried the gun and the cartridges in her yard.  Alma was 5 feet, 2½ inches tall, and Ed was 6 feet, 1 inch, and outweighed her by almost 100 pounds.  Even with these facts, the prosecution did not believe it could prove premeditation.  This led to the reduced charge, which the prosecution could prove.  With the guilty plea, Judge Kinkle sentenced her to not more than 10 years in the state penitentiary.  After thanking the county jailers for their kind treatment, she left the county jail for the state penitentiary on March 7.[xxxv]  Figure 7 is a photo of Alma taken in 1949.[xxxvi]  Figure 8 shows her mother, with her dog and parrots, in their home.[xxxvii]

 

Figure 7 – Alma in 1949

 

Figure 8 – Alma’s Mother in The Home with their Pets

 

In December 1949, Prisoner Number 42108 sent Judge Kinkle and Attorney General John Heiskell a Christmas present from the state penitentiary.  Judge Kinkle received a green doily set and General Heiskell received a lavender doily set, both of which she made at the penitentiary.  She included a note that said. “Wishing you and yours all of God’s richest blessings for the season and many, many more to come.  Alma Theede, Station A, 42108, Nashville, Tenn.”[xxxviii]

 

Even while in prison Alma remained fond of Memphis.  On November 16, 1953, the Memphis Press-Scimitar published a letter in the opinion section of the paper.  In the letter, she spoke of the beauty and usefulness of Court Square, and questioned the need to “take Court Square away.”  She ended with the question, “Can you picture Memphis without Court Square?”  She signed the letter Mrs. Alma Theede, 3099 Ford Road, Memphis, even though she was still incarcerated.[xxxix]

 

In 1954, Alma came up for parole.  Her request was denied.  However, with time off for good behavior, she was scheduled to be released on April 3, 1955, after serving 6 years and one month of her up-to-10-year sentence.[xl]

 

At some point, Alma bought, and/or ran, a boarding house at 1298 Carr Avenue.  I am not exactly sure when she started this part of her life, but the first listing of Alma Theede at 1298 Carr Avenue is in the 1962 Polk City Directory.  She was listed as Alma Theede, widow of Wiliam L Theede, and her occupation was “nurse.”   In 1967, Mrs. Alma M. Theede is shown residing at 1298 Carr, phone 274-5565.  In 1968, she is shown residing at 1298 Carr, and her occupation is listed as “retired.”

 

She eventually lost the house in a foreclosure.  Mrs. Cooper W. Brewer, the lady who bought the house at 1298 Carr on March 21, 1969, said that Alma had painted the whole inside of the house, including all 17 bedrooms, and the toilets, sinks, and bathtubs, blood red.  The inside of the house was badly damaged by all of the animals Alma kept.  After the repairs, repainting, and replacement of all the plumbing fixtures, Alma stopped by the house for a visit.  When she saw the renovations, all she said was, “They’ve just ruint it.”[xli]  The 5,805 square foot house, which was built in 1900, is still there.  It is operated as a boarding house today with eight living units.

 

In a Facebook post in 2023, Mr. Cl Mullins said he was a paperboy in the 1960s, and 1298 Carr was on his route.  He said he was told that the lady there was Vance Ave “Annie,” a former madam.  He said that the house reeked, and that he had to go upstairs to collect.  He said that he would try to hold his breath as much as possible.  He said there was a stuffed Pekinese with a shiny bald head on the banister at the bottom of the stairs.[xlii]

 

In 1957, Alma Theede placed a “positions wanted-women” notice in the Memphis Press-Scimitar looking for work as a practical nurse.  The noticed stated that she had 20 years of experience, a driver’s license, and the “best city references.”[xliii]  It is unknown if and where she received training and/or experience as a practical nurse, or if she ever held such a job, or where she may have practiced as a nurse.  It would have been most entertaining to have read the “best city references” she claimed to have.

 

Alma married again, to a man named William Bell Massey.  This marriage is not widely mentioned in newspaper articles, but on January 19, 1960, they were married by C. W. Baker, Justice of the Peace, at the Shelby County Courthouse (Figure 9).  She was 65 and her new husband was 74.[xliv]   A divorce petition was filed in Circuit Court on September 21, 1965, for Alma Marie Herring Theede, 70, against William Bell Massey, 84, alleging abandonment and desertion.[xlv]  The divorce was granted in January 1966 on the grounds of desertion.[xlvi]  That marriage had lasted for 5 years and 11 months.  After the divorce, Alma reverted to using the last name Theede.[xlvii]

 

Figure 9 – William Massey – Alma Gill Marriage License

 

An interesting note about this marriage was her name as listed on the marriage license: Alma Marie Gill.  This was the first use I found of the name “Marie.”  Her given name was Alma W. Herring, and it is unknown exactly when or why she started to use the name Marie.

 

Alma’s sister, Mrs. Nettie Elba Herring Booth, who was two years younger that Alma, died on April 6, 1963, in the boarding home Alma ran at 1298 Carr.  After Nettie’s death, the infamous ruling from Judge Kinkle came back to haunt Alma.  Nettie had named Alma the executrix of her estate, but the infamous declaration removed her rights to serve as an elected official, executor, administrator, or guardian.  Probate Judge Polk ordered her to resign as executrix.  Despite this ruling, Nettie had left her entire estate, valued at $5,000 (about $51,552 in 2025 dollars), except for $1, to Alma.  The $1 went to Nettie’s brother, Wilton Herring, because Nettie said “he had nothing to do with me in my lifetime and I do not even want him present at my funeral.”[xlviii]

 

Alma married for the final time, on January 3, 1967.  On that day, William Lawrence Theede, age 70, remarried Alma Marie Massey, age 68 (Figure 10).[xlix]  This was the final chapter in their relationship, as William died just a few months later on April 11, 1967, at Kennedy Veterans Hospital, four days after the onset of bronchopneumonia.  However, his death certificate lists him as being divorced and living at 2091 Kentucky.  Having served honorably in World War I, he is buried in Memphis National Cemetery.[l]

 

Figure 10 – William Theede – Alma Massey Marriage License

 

Demonstrating Alma’s nurturing side, Alma “got the ‘Bird’” in October 1967.  Twelve-year-old Harold Montgomery Martin had found a robin with a broken wing.  He took the bird home, mended the broken wing, and cared for the bird, which he named “Bird.”  He initially intended to keep Bird, but was allergic to feathers and could not do so.  The Press-Scimitar ran a story about this, and the Martin’s said they were flooded with calls from people offering to take Bird.  One of those callers was Alma Theede.  Alma told them that she currently had fourteen birds, and plenty of room for Bird.  The Martin’s decided to give Bird to her because “Bird would like all that company.”[li]

 

At some point, Alma moved to 6810 Benjestown Road near Shelby Forest State Park, where she lived quietly.  Her health deteriorated, and she became a semi-invalid and used crutches to get around.  When Alma became sick, a friend called the public health department and, with the help of her children, Alma was placed in a nursing home.  When she became ill, she was transferred to Baptist Hospital.

 

At the age of 74 years, 10 months, and 5 days, Vance Avenue Alma died on October 15, 1970.  During her colorful life she saw the invention of many things we take for granted today, such as radio, television, flying machines, air conditioning, space travel, and microwave ovens.  She also was married more times than most people, and killed three of her husbands.  It would seem that purposefully killing one person should result in life in prison, but Alma still led a full life outside of prison.

 

The inscription on her headstone says “MOTHER” (Figure 11).  As to her having children, Alma did claim to have them, but I found no proof that she ever had biological children of her own.  Alma said at trial that one of the reasons she killed Roy Calvert was that he refused to let her see her own baby.  Alma did adopt two of Charles Cox’s children.  According to Dale Schaefer, Elmwood Staff Historian, Alma had a nurturing side.  He said she would take in other people’s kids, and when the social workers found out, they would come and take the kids away.[lii]  Regarding the baby blackmail scheme, Mrs. Alice Saxby, a probation officer, stated that “We have positive proof that three children Mrs. McClavy has claimed as her own belong to unmarried mothers.”  She described one such mother as a Forrest City, Arkansas society girl.[liii]  Alma’s obituary does not mention any children.[liv]

 

Figure 11 – Alma’s Headstone in Elmwood Cemetery

 

 

Life After Death

After Alma passed away, her colorful life made for interesting history.  There have been some podcasts about her life, including the Mountain Murders podcast on Alma Theede[lv]   A chapter titled Memphis’s Merry Widow in the book Memphis Murder & Mayhem by Teresa R. Simpson, published in 2008, and an entry in the book Elmwood Cemetery by Kimberly McCollum, published in 2016.  In 2013, an Australian film company created a documentary on Alma for an episode of the show Dealy Women on the Investigation Discovery channel.[lvi]

Elmwood Cemetery considers her one of Elmwood’s most notorious residents.  On August 23, 1998, David Kushma mentioned her in an op-ed article in the Commercial Appeal about Elmwood Cemetery.[lvii]  On Saturday, October 29, 2011, Alma was one of five of the cemetery’s residents featured in a Costumed Twilight Tour, where actors portrayed these featured residents.[lviii]  On February 8, 2013, she was one of two women portrayed in a Love on the Rocks special love-themed program held at the cemetery.[lix]  In October of one year, in an Elmwood annual event, Alma was one of the featured dearly departed in the cemetery’s Soul of the City tours.[lx]

To get an idea of where Alma worked, one can take a two-hour, evening walking tour and learn about of some of Memphis’ scandalous past.  The tour is available from Backbeat Tours and can be booked online.  The “Black Widow” of Vance Avenue, Alma Theede, is one of the notorious Memphians featured on the tour.[lxi]

One of the more curious memorials (maybe not the best word for this) comes from Umeå, Sweden.  Vance Avenue Alma is a standardbred harness racing horse born in Sweden on June 13, 2017.[lxii]  Figure 12 shows her (Number 7) winning her race at Umåker’s trotting track on Friday, April 4, 2003.[lxiii]

Figure 12 – The Standardbred Horse Vance Avenue Alma, #7

 

For such a notorious woman, Alma seemed to have a charmed life.  She broke many laws, killed three of her husbands, outlived the rest, and she is still living today through her reputation.

Appendix 1 – Alma’s Marriages

Marriage NoHusband NoHusband's NameMarried YearDivorced/Died YearComments
11Halprin Cox19121913Cannot find marriage certificate or divorce decree. One source says they married 1912, another says in 1917. News articles say she married at age 17, which would be 1912, and was divorced before she was 18.
22William Whitworth07/06/1913She is Willie Alma Herring on the marriage certificate. Cannot find divorce degree.
33Roy Calvert06/15/191808/31/1919Murdered, shot by Alma at their home in Little Rock, ruled justifiable homicide.
41Halprin Cox05/14/1924She was 26, he was 51, they were married by a justice of the peace. He died in a car wreck, she was not involved in his death.
54Michael McClavy192612/20/1927Shot by Alma's lover, Charles Miller. She was convicted as accessory before the fact and given 10 years.
65William Theede1933 or 10/08/19381946They were married in Hernando, Mississippi according to a newspaper article. Records show that they were married on October 8, 1938 in Lincoln County, Tennessee. Cannot find copy of a divorce decree.
76Edward Clay Gill10/08/193801/02/1949Alma murdered him. Death certificate says "Pistol bullet in back of head-homicide."
87William Massey01/19/19601966She was 65, he was 74. Married by C. W. Baker, Justice of the Peace. She filed for divorce, divorce granted for desertion.
95William Theede01/03/196704/11/1967She was 68, he was 70. He died of natural causes 04/11/1967.

 

End Notes

[i] Social Security Administration (SSA) Death Master File (DMF)

[ii] The Commercial Appeal, June 4, 1913, page 4

[iii] The Commercial Appeal, June 11, 1913, page 4

[iv] The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), July 3, 1949, page 13

[v] The News Scimitar, September 3, 1919, page 20

[vi] Little Rock Daily News, September 2, 1919, page 1

[vii] Little Rock Daily News, September 1, 1919, page 1

[viii] Little Rock Daily News, December 1, 1919, page 8

[ix] The Arkansas Democrat, September 10, 1919, page 1

[x] The Commercial Appeal, January 6, 1949, page 16

[xi] The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), July 3, 1949, page 13

[xii] The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), July 3, 1949, page 13

[xiii] The Commercial Appeal, March 14, 1928, page 13

[xiv] The Commercial Appeal, March 15, 1928, page 1

[xv] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, October 16, 1970, page 19

[xvi] The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), July 3, 1949, page 13

[xvii] The Commercial Appeal, March 29, 1929, page 17

[xviii] The Commercial Appeal, May 13, 1921, page 8

[xix] The Commercial Appeal, August 13, 1931, page 11

[xx] The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY), July 3, 1949, page 13

[xxi] The Press-Scimitar, April 19, 1946, page 10

[xxii] The Commercial Appeal, March 4, 1932, page 20

[xxiii] The Commercial Appeal, March 25, 1932, page 13

[xxiv] The Commercial Appeal, June 29, 1933, page 8

[xxv] The Commercial Appeal, June 29, 1933, page 8

[xxvi] The Commercial Appeal, July 1, 1913, page 10

[xxvii] The Commercial Appeal, August 1, 1936, page 4

[xxviii] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, February 8, 1946, page 18

[xxix] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, April 19, 1946, page 10

[xxx] The Commercial Appeal, January 10, 1948, page 14

[xxxi] The Commercial Appeal, January 4, 1949, page 1

[xxxii] The Commercial Appeal, January 19, 1949, page 29

[xxxiii] Daily News (New York), June 26, 1949, page 8

[xxxiv] The Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.), July 3, 1949, page 13

[xxxv] The Commercial Appeal, March 4, 1949, page 29

[xxxvi] The Knoxville Journal, June 26, 1949, page 5-D

[xxxvii] The Knoxville Journal, June 26, 1949, page 5-D

[xxxviii] The Commercial Appeal, December 15, 1949, page 29

[xxxix] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, November 16, 1953, page 6

[xl] The Commercial Appeal, January 14, 1954, page 12

[xli] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, October 16, 1970, page 19

[xlii]

[xliii] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, August 5, 1957, page 25

[xliv] https://search.register.shelby.tn.us/imgView.php?imgtype=pdf&id=000t03000342

[xlv] The Commercial Appeal, September 22, 1965, page 26

[xlvi] The Commercial Appeal, January 6, 1966, page 54

[xlvii] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, October 16, 1970, page 19

[xlviii] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, April 24, 1963, page 18

[xlix] https://search.register.shelby.tn.us/imgView.php?imgtype=pdf&id=000k04000096

[l] https://search.register.shelby.tn.us/imgView.php?imgtype=pdf&id=207619670411M70

[li] The Press-Scimitar, October 25, 1967, page 24

[lii] The Commercial Appeal, February 7, 2013, page 30

[liii] The Memphis Press-Scimitar, January 4, 1949 page 1

[liv] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/73342621/alma-w-theede

[lv] https://youtu.be/LX6EWikMHB8

[lvi] The Commercial Appeal, February 7, 2013, page 1M

[lvii] The Commercial Appeal, August 23, 1998, page 27

[lviii] The Commercial Appeal, October 28, 2011, page 13

[lix] The Commercial Appeal, February 6, 2013, page 25

[lx] The Commercial Appeal, October 9, 2018, Page 1A

[lxi] https://www.backbeattours.com/

[lxii] 

[lxiii] https://www.travronden.se/referat/vance-avenue-alma-vann-fick-10-000-kronor

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